Monday, September 30, 2019

Eugenics in Nazi Germany

The use of eugenics, or â€Å"racial hygiene† by the Nazi regime. Hitler’s intention as a political leader was to expand his empire and create a world government. Using the war as a preface to the mass genocide inflicted upon not only several racial and religious groups. He failed at expanding his empire and cleansing the population of all â€Å"genetic disorders† and what was considered defects in the general population. Though he did allow several hundred thousand mentally ill, physically handicapped, individuals deemed â€Å"unworthy† of life. Nazi Physicians were able to disguise their plans to annihilate what they regard as useless eaters.After public protest, Hitler orders a halt to the killing programs, but they are inevitably continued in secrecy. Under the disguise of war, Hitler sought to hide the mass extermination of those that Germany believed were â€Å"unworthy† of life. Individuals who were mentally retarded, physically handicapped o r mentally ill were targeted for murder in a disguised euthanasia killing operation codenamed by the Nazis as â€Å"Operation T-4†. Nazi Germany used Hereditary Health Courts to register every known case of hereditary illness, diagnosed victims were able to use Appeal courts but few decisions were ever reversed.Germany was dominated by National Socialists for twelve years in which political, civil, and medical authorities targeted any individuals who suffered from hereditary diseases, persons with disabilities, and those individuals suffering from mental illness for procedures that would lead to death. In the beginning, Individuals marked for death would be bused to a psychiatric institution where Nazi officials used methods like lethal injection and disguised carbon monoxide gas chambers to eliminate any individuals they marked as â€Å"genetic parasites†.In labor camps the SS dispatched, in addition, 2,960 prisoners from Mauthausen and 1,881 from Gusen, a total of 4. 841 prisoners, to the Hartheim sanatorium and â€Å"euthanasia† killing center to be killed. Using procedures that were to be later instituted in the death camps, workers removed the corpses from gas chambers, extracted any gold teeth, and brought the bodies to the crematoria to be burned together and eventually placed in urns and prepared for the family in the event that the family requested the remains. After public protest against the euthanasia killings, Adolf Hitler ordered a halt to the Euthanasia Program.According to internal calculations and data gathered during the T-4 program, 70,273 institutionalized mentally and physically disabled people were killed at six gassing facilities between January 1940 and August 1941. Despite Hitler’s public â€Å"halt† to the Euthanasia program, the Child â€Å"euthanasia† program continued as before. One year after Hitler’s public halt to all euthanasia killing on August 1942, German medical professionals and healthcare workers resumed the killings in a more concealed manner than previous programs. Historians estimate that the â€Å"Euthanasia† Program, in all its phases, claimed the lives of 200,000 individuals.Nazi ideals for society include a population that is cleansed of all â€Å"genetic diseases† or any individual considered a useless eater. This belief was backed by scientists in Germany because they were influenced by a desire to use eugenics to perform â€Å"racial hygiene†, many supporters were medical professionals such as, physicians or psychiatrists. These medical professionals observed the population and made decisions about which individuals would be included in the euthanasia program. Individuals included were mostly mentally retarded, physically handicapped, or the mentally ill.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Organisational Behaviour Essay

I. Introduction An organisation is commonly defined as a group of people who work together in a consciously coordinated social unit for a shared purpose. Management refers to the activity of controlling and organizing people to accomplish its goals. In today’s increasingly global and competitive environment the effective management of people is even more important to the successful performance of the work organisations. Therefore, the managers need to understand the main influences on how people behave in an organisation setting. Mullins (2008, p.4) defined organisation behaviour (OB) as ‘the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organisational performance and effectiveness’. It comprises a synthesis of a variety of different theories and approaches. Therefore, this essay opens by briefly explore a number of interrelated disciplined to the study of organisational behaviour, before examining the relevance of four main approach to the subject in today’s workplace. Finally, it discusses the purpose of organisations. II. Interrelated discipline to the study of organisational behaviour The study of behaviour can be viewed in terms of three main disciplines – psychology, sociology and anthropology. The contribution of all three disciplines has played an important role to studying organisational behaviour. Psychology is the science and art of explaining mental processes and behaviour. The main focus of attention is on the individuals and explores such concepts as perception, motivation, perception and attitudes. It is arguable that McKenna considers psychology as the key discipline in studying organisational behaviour. There are five key areas in Psychology that can impact on organisations; these are: psychological psychology, cognitive psychology, development psychology, social psychology and personality psychology. Psychological aspects are useful to the practical applications such as job analysis, interviewing models or selection, but it provide too narrow view for understanding of organisational behaviour which ‘is not concern with the complex detail of individual differences but with the behaviour and management people of people’ (Mullins, 2008, p. 7). Watson (2008) defined sociology is more concern with the study of social behaviour, relationships among social groups and societies. It focuses on group dynamics, conflict, work teams, power, communication and intergroup behaviour. It is possible that Watson considered sociology to be the key discipline in studying organisations though he also places emphasis on economics. The structuration reflects the dual effect that individuals make society and society makes individuals. Watson (2008, p. 30) presents six strands of thought applied to his framework for analysis. He further presents six substantive areas applied to the six strands of though in a matrix which are work, society and change; work organisations; the changing organisation and the management of work, occupations and society; work experiences, opportunities of meanings; and conflict challenge and resistance in work. This discipline is valuable to the organisation. It helps managers recognise the relationships between large-scale social forces and the actions of individual. However, Mullins (2008, p. 7) argues that the study of organisational behaviour cannot be studied entirely in single discipline. Although each discipline has an important contribution, it just underpins the study of subject. Indeed, Mullins synthesises interrelated disciplines which are psychology with sociology, anthropology that explore culture and behavioural factors; economics that attempts to provide a rational explanatory framework for individual and organisational activity; and political science that is study of power and control between individual and groups; in his framework for analysis of organisational behaviour. III. Four main approaches In Mullins’ framework, the study of organisational behaviour is concerned with not only the behaviour in isolation, but with interaction among the structure and operation of organisations, the process of management and behaviour of people that are affected by external environment. He applies a number of approaches to organisation: 1. Classical  2. Human Relations 3. Systems 4. Contingency 1. Classical Approach The classical writers considered organisation in terms of purpose and formal structure with attention to hierarchy of management and technical requirements of organisation. Frederick Taylor with the Scientific Management had a major contribution to the Classical Approach. Taylor’s theory was based on the psychological discipline that is concerned with the study of individuals’ behavior. He believed that individuals behave rationally toward financial incentive. Worker would be motivated by highest possible wages by doing highest grade of work. Furthermore, his main objective is to find more efficient methods and procedures for the task design and control of work. Combined with training workers, it was always possible to find the one best way to perform each task. It was criticized that since workers passively do repeated task and paid by result, the less human approach can cause a decline in worker morale as well as in skill requirements, reducing flexibility.Nevertheless,massive productioncompanies stilladopt partially Taylor’s theory in order to maintain or increase productivity. For example, Mc Donald uses the payment method of Taylor’s theory to motivate and encourage the workers. The human who work in fast food restaurant are trained to do a limited number of tasks in precisely. 2. Human Relations Approach Human Relations is a managerial approach based on the consideration of and the attention to the social factors at work and the behavior of employees. Attention is paid to the informal organization and the satisfaction of individual’s needs through groups at work. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) conducted Hawthorne tests on organizations to access productivity. He moved away from scientific beliefs on money and discipline towards importance of group belonging (social study). The tests examined effect of group piecework pay system on productivity. The result is that workers did not necessarily seek to maximize production in order to receive enhanced bonuses but social pressure caused them to produce at group norm level. On the other hand, the research was originally intended to examine effects of lighting on productivity. As a consequence, productivity increased regardless of lighting level was due to workers’ receiving attention. The Hawthorne effect adopted in Human relation approach suggested that good supervision and environment increase satisfaction and other variables affect this, such as structure, leadership, and culture. Unlike the classical thought with consideration of improving productivity, human relation approach ‘strove for a greater understanding of people’s psychological and social needs at work as well as improving the process of management. However, Mullins (2008, p. 29) criticized human relations as a ‘unitary frame of reference’ and oversimplified theories. Even today the Hawthorne experiment is still useful for describing the changes in behavior of individuals and groups, and opened the door to more experiments by other sub-division of approach known as neo human relation. 3. Systems Approach The system approach to the study of organizations combines the contrasting position of the classical approach, which emphasized the technical requirements of organization and its needs – ‘organization without people’, and human relations approach, which emphasized the human fulfillments and social aspects – ‘people without organization’. This approach inspires managers to regard organization as an open system interacting with environment and to view total work but not the sum of separate parts. In Figure 2.5 (Boddy, 2008, p.60), the system consists of a number of interrelated subsystems, such as people, power, technology or business processes system; which add complexity and interact with each other and external environment. It is stated that any part of an organization’s activity affects all other parts because there are areas overlap between various subsystems. Therefore, it is the task of management to integrate these interrelated subsystems and direct efforts of members towards the achievement of organizational goals. The system approach, which is components of interrelated subsystems, provides analysis of organizational performance and effectiveness while the socio-technical approach takesorganization as viewed by the individual members and their interpretation of the work situation. In time of increasing globalization, technological change has influenced on the behavior of people and other parts, thus the whole system. It is valuable for manager to manage the total work and coordinate the technical change and the needs of individuals. 4. Contingency Approach According to Mullins (2008, p. 31), the contingency approach rejects the idea of ‘one best form or structure’ or ‘optimum state’ for organizations. The organizations needs to be flexible to cope with change and managers need to change structure and processes required. This approach influenced many management practices such as market research, PR or strategic planning, which stress response to external conditions. Furthermore, it emphasized that the practice depends on people interpreting events and managers be able to have subjective judgments as much as rational analysis. The contingency approach is relevant to management and organizational behavior. It provides a setting in which to view large number of variables factors that influence on the organizational performance. Hence, it enables process of management to change the structure of organization at the expense of the need for stability and efficiency. IV. The purpose of organizations As defined earlier in this essay, organization is a group of people who work together in a structured way for a shared purpose. It is a task for management to clarify strategy, which tell people how to work, where to go, and what to achieve. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the nature of strategy for the formal organization in order to study organizational behavior. Johnson et al. (cited in Mullins, 2008, p. 350) define the strategy is ‘the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with aim of fulfilling stake holder expectation’. People dimension of strategy is concerned with people as a resource; people and behavior and organizing people, therefore, influencing behavior of people to achieve success and motivation of individuals are central part of organization’s strategy. Mullins (2008, p. 352) stated that ‘the goals of an organization are the reason for its existence’. It is the desired state for organization to pursue in the future. Therefore, an organization gains its effectiveness and performance through achieving its goal. To be effective, the goals need to be clearly stated and understandable, thus making impossible for people in organization to perceive. It is clearly evident that goal setting promote immediately behavior of people at work and it can be considered as successful tools of increasing work motivation and effectiveness. An organizational goal are likely to achieve when informal goal, which are defined by individual and based on both perception and personal motivation, are compatible with organizational goals. Therefore, it is crucial role for management to integrate the needs of individuals with the overall objective of the organization. Organizational goals are generally translated into objectives that set out more specifically the goals of organization. Drucker (cited in Mullins, 2008) indicated eight key areas for setting objectives, which ‘are needed in every area where performance and results directly and vitally affect the survival and prosperity of the business’. SWOT analysis, which focuses on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats facing the organization, draw out strategic implication.First, Strengths are internal aspects of organization that give it competitive advantage over others in the industry such as size, structure, technology, reputation or staffing. Second, Weaknesses are those negative aspects that place organization at a disadvantage regarding to other. Examples of weaknesses could be operating within narrow market, limited resource, and lack of information. Third, Opportunities are favorable chances arise from external environment which provides potential for the organization to offer new, or to develop existing goods or services. Finally, Threats are external elements in the environment that cause trouble for the organization. For example, change in law, increasing tax or competition from other organizations. SWOT analysis may be used in evaluating any decision-making situation when a desired end results (objectives) has been defined. V. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has been identified the main approaches to the study of organization. In the first section, it provides a discussion on the interrelated disciplines of Organizational behavior, which is Psychology and Sociology. McKenna stated his idea that psychology has the biggest contribution to the study of subject; whereas Watson placed emphasis on sociology. However, the subject is rooted in multidisciplinary and cannot be undertaken in any single discipline. In Mullins’ framework, he examines a broader view, and then presents four main approaches to the study of organizational behavior. In the final section, this essay has defined the strategy that directs to the goal and objective of organization, and commented on the usefulness and relevance of SWOT analysis in evaluating the strategy.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The new advancements in cloning an organ or a small body part Term Paper

The new advancements in cloning an organ or a small body part - Term Paper Example This is the very reason that an identical clone is formed through this process. The future of cloning depends totally on the new researches which are being done. Cloning so far has not been successful as it was expected. A sheep dolly was cloned in the year 1996 and it was considered as one of the most successful cloning experiment on an animal. Cloning has never showed any positive results on human beings. Cloning has been approved by many scientists and groups who argue that it holds the potential for many benefits for human beings and can serve to provide results and treatments that other methods have failed to provide. On the other hand, cloning has been rejected on the basis of ethical considerations. It has faced social as well as religious criticism owing to many reasons which include the fact that cloning has not yielded any major benefits as yet and also it serves to challenge the normal working and equilibrium of the world (Human cloning 2011; Phil B). Cloning is a process which can be compared to the stem cell research. Extracting stem cells and using them for curing diseases uses the process of cloning. Currently many research therapies are being carried out to find the viability of the stem cells. A study done in New England Journal of Medicine validates the use of stem cells in the patients who are suffering from leukemias. The research undertook many patients into consideration who were suffering from leukemias and their treatment options. The research then compared the patients who were provided with stem cell transplants with those who were not and it was found that stem cell transplant from newborn babies were effective in treating these patients. Thus it was concluded that leukemias can be treated with effective treatment by adult stem cells based on the process of cloning (Leukemia Patients Survive with Stem Cell Transplant, 2004). Similarly another research done by the UC researchers showed that bone marrow stem cells can be used to effecti vely treat disorders which are related to the eye. These stem cells can greatly help to cure the genetic eye disorders in children. Research done by the UC researchers was carried out on animals and the tests were positive. This showed that stem cells may also effectively work on human subjects to cure eye disorders (Bone Marrow Stem Cells May Cure Eye Disease, 2007). Not only this, but it was also found that adult stem cells can be used to cure heart attacks by the British physicians. The new treatment helped the heart muscles to recover from the shock that the treatment received. In other words because of the patients own stem cells the patient could recover from a heart attack as their heart muscles could be revived (Julie Wheldon, 2006). Another research carried out on skin cells to make them act as the stem cells worked quite effectively in treating rats with diseases of the brain. Parkisons Disease is one of the examples which the rats were suffering from and showed improvemen t because of the stem cells. This clearly shows that embryonic stem cells which are considered to be the basic cells of an organism can provide a breakthrough in treatments of different diseases which were previously not curable. (Stem Cells from skin treat brain disease in Rats, 2008). Another research being carried out in Spain shows that stem cells can greatly help to treat genetic disorders such as the Crohn’s Disease. It was found that 20% of the patients on which the stem cell transpl

Friday, September 27, 2019

Smokers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smokers - Essay Example The government has a mandate of protecting its people. Young generation holds the future of these countries on their hands. As a result, every administration has a responsibility of protecting this generation. In an attempt to protect the whole population, these governments have come up with several measures that are aimed at reducing the exposure of the people to this kind of smoke (Callinan, Clarke & Kelleher 2010) The number of smokers in these countries is smaller compared to non-smokers. As a result, the governments are protecting the majority of the population through developing various strategies that will reduce the impact of cigarette smoke on the people. The smokers should stay outside the homes, restaurants and shops until they finish their activities. Although this will viewed as a way of segregating the smokers from the rest of the society, the move will play a significant role in preventing the younger generation from adopting the smoking behavior. Furthermore, it will protect the members of the public from the cigarette smoke. Some people are allergic to smoke (Great Britain, 2005). As a result, the government should create designated places where smokers can congregate and smoke freely without the fear of disturbing other people. This should be followed by strict rules and stiff penalties to all those who violates these laws. This is to ensure that bus stops, government buildings, social places, and the streets are safe for the people. Smoking in the open disturbs children and seniors. Many adapt this behavior because they feel that it is the right thing to do. Therefore, excluding the smokers to a particular place and making them pay for their behavior by staying away from other people while smoking will discourage the young people to stay away from the smoking behavior. The UK and US governments have implemented some of these measures, an aspect that has not augured well with the smokers. This is because they feel that the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Customer Service Delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Customer Service Delivery - Essay Example This study highlights that the pipeline of processes i.e. appropriate management and disposal comes next to collection because waste is nothing good by any means to have warehoused or stored, it needs to be disposed on an urgent basis alongside waste cannot be left lying idle for long. So there is tremendous importance of its appropriate mechanisms and scheduling of collection. In addition, timely collection of wastage leads to cleanliness in town that has several other benefits such as healthy environment, attraction for foreigners (tourism and investment), etc. Secondly, the road cleansing is also of extreme importance. Keeping roads cleaned not just keeps the environment and town cleaned but also extends the life of the roads by means of good maintenance. And again keeping the towns clean attracts masses to enjoy and adds to the beautification.This discussion declares that  the problem arises due to the fact that in accordance with the rules of economics, there are limited or sc arce resources; thus, appropriate allocation is a mandatory action. Accordingly, there are limited resources for the waste management and street cleansing department as well in terms of machinery and human resource available. Consequently, it becomes difficult to have an eye on all the streets and places at the same time.  Reforms in the waste management sector over the past years have been extensive. These reforms have altered the industry’s structures, its rigid oversight and pricing measures.... Consequently, it becomes difficult to have an eye on all the streets and places at the same time. Therefore, there is need of public cooperation rather than criticism. So the problem here is making public realize that there are constraints and making them feel that it is their responsibility to lodge complain once there is an issue, and wait patiently till it is resolved. Reforms in the waste management sector over the past years have been extensive. These reforms have altered the industry's structures, its rigid oversight and pricing measures. The reforms have delivered considerable good organizational gains in the form of lesser real prices, higher dividends, and higher real rates of return, higher standards and greater capital investment. However additional efficiency may be obtainable in the industry, it is reasonable to say that future gains will be poorer and that higher standards may result in increased prices for services. Literature Review Analyzing the Regulations The want for regulation in the industry is self-evident, but it is very important that it be as effectual and efficient as probable and should deliver real community benefits. One controlling area of significance to the industry is standard setting. The concern is that the industry suggests that the increasing trend in standards in the areas of customer service, public health and the environment is resulting in sharp increases in capital expenditure for the urban water industry. The problem is that in general capital costs accounting for sixty percent of the industry's total costs and with underground pipes amounting to around seventy percent of all capital costs, setting standards for areas such as water continuity is particularly important. This makes it important to make decisions

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Leagile Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Leagile Manufacturing - Essay Example The paper throws light on the concept of Just in time was introduced to reduce the cost of the overall production by reducing the waste in the process. The reduction in the waste associated with the production process decreased the unnecessary cost of storage and maintenance which also contributed in the overall decrease of the cost of the production, besides, concept of Just in Time was aimed to reduce the involvement of high proportion of its working capital towards the stock as Just in Time involves the ordering of stock only when required. Considering the advantages of the Just in Time technology, the vice president of the organization, Scott Murphy, decided to implement the system in order to provide the organization with an effective edge in respect of its competitors. However the implementation of the Just in Time environment emerged to be a failure for the organization, and problem was encountered in almost every aspect of the business. After the new system was implemented in the organization by Scott Murphy, the organization found out that instead of reaping benefit for the organization, the new system is causing hindrance in the productivity to a large extent and there have been complaints from every sector of the business, and also gave rise to the dissatisfaction among various section of the employee. The purchasing department of the organization was highly dissatisfied with the process. According to the words of the purchase manager, an increase in cost emerged after the new system was implemented in the organization.... izations spend a huge amount of money towards the protection of the inventory and its maintenance, and also suffers a threat from the loss, if the inventories are not used due to economic fluctuations or due to the change in taste and preference of the customers. But Leagile manufacturing’s main problem arose with the start of the ordering for the material when on need. The costs associated with the purchase orders are significant and the overall cost of the purchase orders increased to a large extent as frequent orders were placed for the purchase of materials. Apart from the problem of the rise in cost of the purchase, the organization faced a significant problem with that of the frequent change in schedule for the order. As the stock of the inventory was calculated on a regular basis, so the schedule of orders were also changed accordingly and caused significant amount of trouble. However the problem associated with the process of production can be identified in the failure of the organization in determining the right amount of the inventory required for the production. If the process of the identification of the right amount of product would have been done in a proper way, then the case of shortage of material in the process of production would not have occurred and the production people would not have asked for the next day delivery of the material for the change in the schedule. As a result of the failure to deliver the right amount of raw material in time, the overall production process was hampered and even caused a lag in the production. The Just in Time incorporated in the organization was successful in reducing the inventory cost but the associated cost increased the overall cost of the production. The incorporation of the just in Time technology also

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Critical Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Discussion - Essay Example In discussing the influence of educational pioneers from social and political points of view, Ornstein takes positions as a progressivist on one hand (New-tone) and a postmodernist (Ultra-New-Tone) on the other. The arguments are centered around the effects of education, reflected in the society and the above quote, is used to support Mr Ultra-New-Tone's radical position. Michel Apple's statement may be understood to mean that, schools and other institutions of Education have a significant control over the social and economic systems, within which they operate. The justification for this is, schools are knowledge centers and their primary responsibility lies in the proper dissemination of knowledge. Most of child's life is spent in the school and what is taught here shapes their behaviors in the social system that they otherwise live in. The phrase 'cultural capital', can be used to encompass various types of knowledge, skills, talent etc, the possession of which provides a certain status in the society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital). It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capi... It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capital, just as there is an 'unequal distribution of economic capital', Apple seems to imply that the current systems of education are the reasons why the inequalities exist and hence they need to change so that they can be overcome. Ornstein has used this implication in his argument supporting the radical view, that a revolutionary change in the system is required and that the focus be shifted from one of ranking and testing to one of freedom in learning. The basis of the arguments by the radicals stems from the fundamental belief that: the conservative philosophy in Education is too objective to be democratic whereas the radicals subjective approach broadens the scope of 'standards' and lends itself to be an ideal equalizer. The postmodernists also hold that continuous and rapid change is necessary to adapt to the exponential growth, in information that the contemporary generation is forced to keep pace with. According to Ornstein, what is implied by Michael Apple's rather dramatic statement that 'schools ... shape our lives and take control over us', is that 'in the technological societies' that we live in, it is imperative that, radical reforms are made with an immediate sense of urgency. The Postmodernists versus the Educational Pioneers and Progressivism The debate about whether radical reform is required, to narrow the perceived inequality in distribution of knowledge or if this can be better achieved by adhering to time-tested principles laid out by educational pioneers can be conducted on various planes: (1) Effect that

Monday, September 23, 2019

Appraisal of a capital expenditure project Essay

Appraisal of a capital expenditure project - Essay Example The three projects have different implications on the number of people needed to operate the machines, and vary in costs and capacity. Evaluating Capital Expenditures Choosing among capital expenditure projects should not rely solely on financial assessment. It is also important to undertake a subjective evaluation of each of the projects, in terms of its suitability for the macro-environment. An examination of the PEST (political, economic, social, and technological) conditions will determine which of the firms, if any, must be excluded by environmental conditions, or which would prove exceptionally suitable to these conditions. A risk assessment is another pre-requisite to determine which of the projects may pose extraordinary or undue risk for the company or the workers who shall be involved in the installation or operation of the new machinery. Incremental analysis shall be employed in this study, which requires discounting the existing financial data reflected by current operati ons, and instead rendering judgment based on the analysis of changes introduced by each project. Incremental analysis includes only the financial data that would vary in the future as a result of adopting each of the possible alternatives; all current data that are foreseen to remain unchanged are not included in the analysis (Weygandt, Kimmel & Kieso, 2010, p. 299). The accounts that appear in the next tables are the changes expected, based on estimates by the principal owners of the corporation, spouses Bill and Terry Anderson. Alternative projects Project A involves the purchase of a machine, the price and installation of which amount to 110,000 during year 0. This capital expenditure is depreciated over the life of the project, which is 8 years, and since there is no salvage value the annual increase in depreciation expense is 13,750, using the straight line depreciation method. The project mechanises some of the production functions, and as a result of adopting this Project, fe wer people will need to be hired. This results in a corresponding reduction in labour expense that gradually increases through the years as the operation becomes more efficient. Adoption of Project A does not foresee any change in revenues, cost of sales or operating expenses, other than the change in depreciation and labour expenses. The incremental accounts pertaining to Project A are shown in the next two tables. Since the increase in depreciation expense and decrease in labour expense have a cumulative effect on the net taxable income, there is a change in net income after tax after application of the 30% income tax rate. If the depreciation expense, which is a non-cash expense, is added back into the net income after tax, then the cash flow resulting from the adoption of Project A is obtained. The cash flow stream for the duration of Project A shall be used in the non-accounting capital expenditure assessment techniques Similarly, the incremental accounts for Project B are show n in the next two tables. Project B has a much smaller purchase and installation cost of 45,000 which comprises its initial investment. The resulting change in depreciation expense is an increase of 4,500 per year for the 10 years that constitute the life of Project B, using straight-line depreciation method. Project B has an assumed increase in revenues, owing to the fact that the business

Sunday, September 22, 2019

William Kozol Essay Example for Free

William Kozol Essay In the article â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† written by Jonathan Kozol, Kozol expose and expresses his concern of unequal treatment in the schools according to whether they are in an urban or suburban area. Using a series of reasoning and logic techniques, he then proves his argument that because of the segregation in schools, minorities are not receiving the same education and opportunities as predominantly white schools. Kozol uses statistic, one on one interviews with students and personal reflections to bring insight to the reader, and why he is asking for a change for equal opportunity. Right away Kozol uses statistic from city to city to grasp the readers attention. With doing so, he is showing the reader how â€Å"real life† this issue is. He uses statistics such as â€Å"In Chicago 87% of public-school enrolment was black or Hispanic; less than 10% was white. In Washington D.C., 94% black or Hispanic; to less than 5% white. In New York City, nearly three quarters of the students were black or Hispanic.† (41) to give the viewers an idea of how isolated the schools in the urban areas are. One teacher even stated how of all the years she’s been teaching she has only seen one or two Caucasian kids in her class. Throughout the article, Kozol goes on to compare the type of education that is being given in the urban schools to those of suburban. Also how they portray many of the schools to be diverse but in all reality there is no such thing. By the statistic given in the beginning of the article, that is merely enough proof to show there is no diversity in the schools today; which brings us to the main point of the article of schools being separate. Before we can even focus on the part of education, it seems as if the students were more focused on the appearance of their institutions. If an institution looks and feels great, then the students would be more encouraged to learn. Students should never have to bring forth asking questions like why don’t they have a garden, nice parks to play in, or why aren’t they using their gym for extracurricular but more so to just line up. In their minds, they should be entitled to these opportunities. Why? Because they see the schools in the suburban areas have these things, all the things that they don’t. Moving deeper along the issues that this article expose, he quotes an essayist and novelist by the name Marina Warner, and she states, â€Å"There are expensive children and there are cheap children.†(45) This simply opens up the argument that in order for your child to have a good education you must have a lot of money, and to have a lot of money you must fall somewhere between middle and upper class. Education is supposed to help us better our lives and enhance our ways of living. Therefore, educational opportunities should be equal for all no matter the age, race, or social status. Kozol uses his first hand experience with visiting schools and talking to teachers and students on how they feel about their education. Using quotes from the kids and the teachers, Kozol is helping us use our emotion to feel and understand where they are coming from. With him showing his sympathy and concern towards the issue, that same feeling began to overpower his audience. He even refers to court cases that eventually led minorities to experience education period (Brown vs. Board of Education and Plessy vs. Fergueson). Pathos and ethos are some of the persuasive techniques he uses heavily as the high school students who express to him â€Å"of the limited number of bathrooms that are working in the school, â€Å"only one or two are open and unlocked for the girls to use†. Long lines of girls are â€Å"waiting to use the bathrooms†, which are generally â€Å"unclean† and â€Å"lack basic supplies†, including toilet paper.†(51) There is enough to visualize that those are unlawful conditions that will raise a red flag with the readers. A lot of imagery and repetition is used by Kozol. More so repetition because everyone from a range of grade school to high school is raising the same concerns they have within the school system. From the type of education, to how it is being taught and also the appearance of the institution; which most feel that the appearance plays a big part in students being motivated. It seems Kozol chose his techniques very closely for the matter that his argument can come off much as a bunch of personal opinions. The breakdown of using statistic in the opening of the article played a major part of gaining the readers trust. From that point on, it would be trusted that anything that is stated is nothing but facts. Whether it’s from firsthand experience or acknowledged through third party. It’s pretty obvious that Kozol would like for something to be done about the issue so he targeted people who are educated and who would be willing to step in and help make a change. Works Cited Kozol, Jonathan. Still Separate, Still Unequal. Harpers Magazine (2005): 41-54.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The Pearl Essay Example for Free

The Pearl Essay The Pearl is John Steinbeck famous novel. Being a Nobel Prize winner, he is a keen observer of life. Steinbeck novels normally portray struggling people, who have been disadvantaged by the society. His characters normally draw stories from real life or historical conditions prevalent in the 20th century. The Pearl is story of an Indian pearl diver Kino, who is content with his life; however this peace is shattered by temptation of a new found pearl; which accelerates his agreed. Its not only his greed, but its also about the greed of people around him including doctor, priest friends, and the shopkeeper; all of which wish to partake Kino’s new found wealth. Some want to by cheating; other want by force and it this drama which unfolds throughout the novel. When Kino finds pearl; he realizes that all the people surrounding him want to snatch way his fate by one way or other. Rich and poor, all becomes his enemies. Even the priest tries to find something out of Kino’s pearl for his church. The priest pretext is â€Å"thanking Lord† but in reality it is his share (greed) that he wants out of Kino’s wealth. When he goes to the doctor, even the mean doctor suddenly becomes nice (because he also wants Kino’s pearl). When he goes to market even the buyers are greedy and they want to rip off Kino by offering him peanuts for the pearl of the world. Conclusion The writer has portrayed a very beautiful story about human greed and how it can shatter peace in life. The setting chosen by the author is very calm in the beginning; which becomes violent at later stage. The story of pearl begins with discovery of pearl and its effects on Kino and the whole village. The novels opens with a new day (dawn) with the events taking place in the later part of the day; while the tragic part including the chase and death of the Kino’s son takes place in the darkness. When Kino returns to village its day; thus we can say that Kino is portrayed as traveling from light to darkness; led astray in the darkness and comes back to light.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Review And History Of CDMA Computer Science Essay

Review And History Of CDMA Computer Science Essay CDMA technology was used many times ago at the time of world war-II by the English soldiers to stop German attempts at jamming transmissions. English soldiers decided to transmit signals over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal), ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received), and secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). In 1949, Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce develop basic ideas of CDMA. In March 1992, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) established the TR-45.5 subcommittee to develop a spread spectrum digital cellular standard. In July of 1993, the TIA gave its approval for the CDMA Technology standard. In September 1998, there were 16 million subscribers on CDMA systems worldwide. Now, 22 countries support CDMA. Verizon, used to be the largest carrier, is now second behind ATT, is using CDMA. Other Famous companies using CDMA are Sprint, Alltel in abroad, Tata indicom and Reliance InfoComm in India. 2. What is CDMA? Generally a fixed amount of frequency spectrum is allocated to a cellular system by the national regulator (e.g. in the United States, the Federal communication commission). Multiple-access techniques are then deployed so that many users can share the available spectrum in an efficient manner. Multiple access systems specify how signals from different sources can be combined efficiently for transmission over a given radio frequency band and then separated at the destination without mutual interference. The three basic multiple access methods currently in use in cellular systems are: A. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) B. Time division multiple access (TDMA) C. Code division multiple access (CDMA) A. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) The available bandwidth is splits into non-overlapping frequencies and these disjoint sub bands are dedicated to the different users on a continuous time basis. Channel bands behave as buffer zones to minimize interference between different users. B. Time division multiple access (TDMA) Each user has given the full spectral occupancy to the channel, but only for less time interval. Buffers zones are used as guard times inserted between the assigned time slots. This is done to decrease interference between users by permitting for time uncertainty that arises due to system inadequacies. C. Code division multiple access (CDMA) The main Drawback of FDMA and TDMA is that only one subscriber at a time is assigned to a channel. No other conversation can access this channel until the subscriber s call is finished or until that original call is handed off to a different channel by the system. The above drawback is overcome in this third technique. CDMA systems utilize the spread spectrum technique, whereby a spreading code (called a pseudo-random noise or PN code) is used to allow multiple users to share a block of frequency spectrum. Detailed Description of How CDMA work is explained below. 3. How CDMA works? With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate radio frequencies or channels, are used to distinguish subscribers. The codes are used by both the mobile company and the base station, that codes are called pseudo-Random Code Sequences. CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal. CDMA uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology. In DSSS technology, Signal is transmitted by adding random data-bits called chip. This addition is done by the direct sequence transmitters. Now signal contains both, a useful signal and a signal that appears to be interference (the chips) is transmitted. The receiver easily identifies the chips and subtracts them, leaving only the useful signal. This means that original signal is spread over several frequencies simultaneously. This can deliver secure communication such that the transmitted signal can not be detected or recognized easily by unwanted listeners. It can discard interference whether it is the unintentional interference by another user simultaneously trying to transmit through the channel, or the intentional interference trying to j am the transmission. In TDMA, the original call is transmitted at 9600 bps (9.6 kbps) but when put on the CDMA, the call is spread over a 1.23 Mbps bandwidth, so it can be transmitted at a higher speed. Unique codes are applied to the data bits that make up the telephone call for a particular user. The cellular telephone receiving the call takes off the data codes and the call is converted back to its original 9600 bps. The use of these data codes enables CDMA systems to differentiate data bits from many different calls in the cell. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies, this allows for nationwide roaming. 4. Factors affecting CDMA functionality Although CDMA does not have some capacity limitation, no maximum number of calls per single, wide band-width channel is established. The number of calls that a channel can accommodate is based on 3 factors. A. Total bandwidth B. Geographical coverage C. Quality of sound ? The available bandwidth can be increased by decreasing the quality of sound or the area covered by network. ? Channels that primarily carry voice conversation do not use the extra capacity required to deliver CD-quality sound. So, more bandwidth is available to provide longer transmission distance or to accommodate more cellular calls. ? Suppose there are 2N users that only talk half of the time then they can be accommodated with the same average bandwidth as N users that talk all of the time. 5. Types of CDMA Some of the types of CDMA transmission are as under A. Composite CDMA/TDMA B. CDMA C. cdmaOne D. cdma2000 A. Composite CDMA/TDMA It is Wireless technology that uses both CDMA and TDMA. It is used for large-cell licensed band and small-cell unlicensed band applications. It uses CDMA between cells and TDMA within cells. B. CDMA CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. C. cdmaOne cdmaOne is the first generation narrowband CDMA. It is also called IS-95. D. Cdma2000 This includes 1XRTT CDMA standard. That is designed to double current voice capacity and support always-on data transmission speeds 10 times faster than typically available today. 6. Advantages of CDMA A. Capacity: The capacity of CDMA currently is 8 to 10 times greater than AMPS which uses FDMA transmission (and predicted to be 20 to 40 times greater in future) and 4 to 5 times greater than GSM which uses TDMA transmission (with prediction of being up to 13 times greater). B. Best for in built system and micro-cell. As in CDMA transmission, we do not need SIM card it is best for in-built system and micro-cell. C. Improves the voice quality. CDMA systems use precise power control that is, the base station sends commands to every mobile phone currently involved in a call, turning down the power on the nearby ones, and increasing the power of those further away. The result is a nice; even noise level across the carrier, with lower overall power levels and no spiky interference. D. Improves the telephone traffic capacity. E. It also provides Call privacy. F. Easily planned and maintained in comparison with FDMA TDMA 7. Disadvantage of CDMA The only disadvantage of installing CDMA system is the cost of the base station with its complex communication equipments. A CDMA base station costs approximately $150,000, while a similar station for TDMA costs approximately $50,000. 8. Referenced Books A. Business Data Communication Fourth edition By Shelly Cashman Serwatka B. COMPUTER NETWORKS, 3rd Edition By Andrew S. Tanenbaum 9. Referenced websites A. www.scsite.com B. www.wikipedia.com C. www.wisegeek.com D. www.palowireless.com E. www.indiastudychannel.com

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Money Cant Buy Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Happiness is a feeling that everyone aims to accomplish, yet some people seem to only catch a sight of it. Gratifying atonement, a state of well-being, and serenity are the more eminent elements of happiness. David G. Myers and Ed Diener propose the article â€Å"Who Is Happy?† which present aspects of happiness, a theory that recognizes adaptation, cultural world view, and personal goals. I believe through word of mouth and through those whom we look up to, we are told many myths about happiness, especially the biggest myth that money can buy happiness. In Daniel Gilbert’s â€Å"Reporting Live from Tomorrow†, he argues that the definition of happiness is not defined by wealth and that we rely on super-replicators and surrogates to make decisions that we feel will enhance our happiness. Our economic history has proven the idea of declining marginal utility. If we pursue life and liberty without happiness, our lives, quality, and value will slowly vanish, but the absence of wealth has nothing to do with one’s happiness. To begin with, anyone can be happy, it all depends on the type of person they are. There are of course they myths of happiness, predictors of happiness, and life satisfaction. Majority people believe myths that there are unhappy times during one’s lifetime, the stress-filled teen years â€Å"midlife crisis and then the years of old age† (Myers and Diener 12). In reality, people of all ages unveil that no specific time in their life were they happier or unhappier than others. In addition to anyone being happy, genuine happiness is vulnerable. â€Å"If happiness is similarly available to people of any age, sex, or race, and to those of most income levels, who is happiest?† (Myers and Diener 14), the capacity of peoples’ joy is undiminished. Self-esteem, personal control, optimism, and extraversion are four inner traits that classify happy people. People who are happy admire themselves and feel personal control, empowered rather than helpless about their lifestyle. They are also optimistic and tend to be more healthy, successful, and happier than pessimistic people. Also, people that are happy are extraverted and they are happy when they are surrounded by a lot of people and even when they are alone. They are not happy because of their status of wealth. Furthermore, super-replicating beliefs are ideas passed to new generations through surrogates. Surrogates are individuals who have faced a similar situation in which they pass the super-replicating beliefs to.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Assassination Of Gaius Julius Caesar :: essays research papers fc

Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Caius Julius Caesar, a Roman consul, was a great leader and a terrible dictator. Many of his reforms were excellent, but he also was hungry for the power of Roman Dictator, which would give him absolute power for as long as he required it. Throughout his life he did many things including creating the calendar that we know today, advancing mathematics, and many other scholarly things. When he became dictator in 44 B.C., those in power knew he must be stopped, and so he was assassinated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caesar was born in 100 B.C., sometime in July. Around the age of 22, unable to gain a political position in the Forum, he went to Rhodes to study rhetoric. There he became a priest and scholar. During the Next 20-30 years, Caesar became a triumvir (consisting of Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar), governor, and finally sole dictator of Rome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 48 B.C. the Roman Senate gave Caesar the power of dictator for one year. During this time he defeated Pompey. In 45 B.C. the Senate made him consul for ten years, but in 44 B.C. after winning his final victory and pacifying the Roman world, Caesar decided to became dictator for life. This prompted Gaius Cassius and Marcus Junius Brutus to plot an assassination to preserve the Roman Republic. On March 15, 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was killed in the Senate house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason behind the assassination of Gauis Julius Caesar was very clear. He just had too much power. Cassius and Brutus knew that if Caesar became the dictator he would destroy the Roman republic. Caesar knew that by becoming the dictator he would have those who did not like him, so he inacted the Sanctity of the Tribunes, which enabled him to be unharmed without dire

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Artificial Insemination 4

Fernando P. Andrada II, PTRP, RN May 13, 2009 BIOETHICS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION A. Historical Milleu of the development of the bioethical issue The reproductive revolution is upon us. The past half-century has seen the development of reproductive technologies previous generations could not even imagine. The term reproductive technology refers to various medical procedures that are designed to alleviate infertility, or the inability of a couple to produce a child of their own. These include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (or â€Å"test-tube† babies), and surrogate motherhood. These technologies have radically expanded human control over the biological process, and have been designed both to prevent and to achieve successful pregnancy. When successful, these technologies are the miracle of life for couples who have often spent years trying to have a child, and who have exhausted all other avenues for conceiving a child of their own. We are so often amazed how science and medicine have brought human reproduction to new heights. It is not uncommon for us to hear news about a mother giving birth to multiple babies, national geographic and discovery channels showing the process of human reproduction in a laboratory, and the likes, that leave us in awe â€Å"Nakakabilib, and galing naman† is what we often say . But should we accept these technologies as it is. What we often see is already the end of a means. Have we dared assessing the morality of such means? While this new reproductive technologies give great hope to infertile couples and make many new reproductive arrangements possible, they also raise many difficult and complex moral issues and questions. What is the morality of these procedures? What does it mean to separate conception from the act of sexual union? To whom should these technologies be made available? What is the moral status of the fertilized embryos? Those who dismiss these questions as irrelevant or inconsequential show disrespect for human dignity and human life. B. Presentation of the bioethical issue and other related ideas/ issue Definition and Types of Artificial Insemination Artificial Insemination – refers to an assisted method of reproduction in which a man’s semen is deposited into the woman’s reproductive tract through the use of instruments to bring about conception unattained or unattainable by natural fertile intercourse. Two basic types of A. I. 1. Homologous insemination/ AIH – semen is obtained from the husband a. 2 methods employed: i. Homologous artificial insemination – a technique used to facilitate human conception through the transfer into a woman’s vagina of the sperm previously extracted from her husband ii. Homologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer(ET) – a technique used to facilitate human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells (sperm and ovum) of couple followed by transfer of the newly conceived embryo into the wife’s uterus for gestation. b. Justification for AIH: i. Husband’s impotence ii. Anatomical defects of husband’s urethra iii. Oligospermia – deficient sperm count iv. Some types of spinal injury, and certain physical and psychological problems that hinder normal intercourse. v. Husbands with previous vasectomy for contraceptive purposes who decides to have a child using his stored semen vi. Physiological obstruction in the genital apparatus in virtue of which sperm cannot the ovum in the oviduct 2. Heterologous Insemination /AID –a technique in which the semen is acquired from a donor other than the husband a. 2 methods i. Heterologous artificial insemination – obtain human conception through the transfer into the genital tracts of the wife of a sperm previously extracted from a donor other than the husband. ii. Heterologous IVF and ET – a technique used to obtain human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells (sperm and ovum) taken from at least one donor other that the two spouses in marriage b. Justification for AID i. Husband is sterile ii. Husband carrier of a hereditary disease iii. Wife’s oocytes are defective or also a carrier of a hereditary dse. The Issues 1. Is it morally permissible to procreate outside marriage? 2. Is it morally permissible to separate conception from the act of sexual union? 3. Is it morally permissible to allow fertilization outside the womb? 4. Is it morally permissible to allow a couple to use AI as justification for childlessness? C. Application of Ethical Theories a. Pro-ideas regarding Artificial Insemination Situational Ethics (Fletcher 1954) endorses AI as â€Å"our right to overcome childlessness. Marital Fidelity is more than a legal requirement or a sexual monopoly. It is rather a personal agreement nourished by love for each other which is fulfilled in ensuring that a child born into this world by whatever means. Under Utilitarianism, AIH and AID may promote more good than harm, more happiness than unhappiness, more pleasure than pain for a childless couple. The eugenic justification of AIH (i. e. to prevent the birth of potentially defective child, thus improving the human race) is in conjunction with the principle of greatest happiness for the greatest number. To minimize suffering instead of aggravating it seems to be the rationale in AIH. For a moral pragmatist, AI is the most practical, beneficial, and useful technique to be undertaken by spouses who are beset with the problems of impotence, hereditary disorders, defective genes, and anatomical defects. The decision however must be optional and volitional. What is practical and workable to one individual may not be the case to another. Its practicality must be gauged on a case –to – case basis. b. Anti- ideas regarding Artificial Insemination According to Natural law Ethics, artificial insemination, whether it is within the bounds of marriage or not, is considered immoral. AI is immoral within marriage. More so, if when it is done outside marriage. Worst is when AI is done by a donor. Natural ethicians consider AI to be immoral, insofar as the AI child is not the fruit of the conjugal act as an expression of personal love. Fertilization is more than a mere union of to germs, the sperm and egg, which can be brought about artificially. And that the conjugal act which is planned and willed by nature needs a personal cooperation of both spouses who are joined together in marriage. In marriage, AI by a donor is substantially an adulterous procedure. The element of adultery technically resides in the use and placement of semen into the body of a woman from a man who is not her lawfully wedded husband. This procedure is detrimental to the unitive property of marriage. Only marriage partners have mutual rights over their bodies for the procreation of a new life, and these rights are exclusive, non-transferable and inalienable. Moreover, the husband has neither a moral nor a legal right to give anyone permission to inseminate his wife. Nature imposes on whoever gives life to an infant the task of its preservation and education. Impotency and sterility are also not excusable reasons for the moral justification of artificial insemination. Morally, no amount of good intention and surrounding circumstance however great can make an objectively evil act good. The end does not justify the means. D. Personal Critique on Artificial Insemination The Church’s teachings are reflected in my stand on this bioethical issue of Human Artificial Insemination (A. I. ). While you may say that choosing it is a convenient way for me to justify my stand, because we know that using these teachings silence many of other reasons. On the contrary, I used this as my guide in deciding on difficult moral issues because I believe that these teachings truly demonstrate great reverence for life. Procreation must be within the bounds of marriage. And procreation is the fruit of a conjugal act which is an act of love in which two people are united â€Å"in one flesh. † It is from this act which expresses it that human procreation is meant to result. This is God's design for human procreation. Marital love is essential to human procreation and thus they are inseparable. It is not just an act by which two life germs are united. In artificial insemination procreation is separated from this conjugal act and thus it what makes A. I. morally not permissible even within marriage. Separating human procreation from conjugal love and reducing it to the union of two germ cells also depersonalizes and dehumanizes it. Artificial insemination by a donor is more immoral than homologous insemination. So-called donor insemination was not considered morally acceptable since it involved an invasion of the marriage bond. Techniques that use eggs or sperm from someone outside the married couple are unacceptable as they do not respect the marriage bond and also deny the child the right to be born of a mother and father known to him. Impotency and sterility are also not excusable reasons for the moral justification of artificial insemination. Morally, no amount of good intention and surrounding circumstance however great can make an objectively evil act good. The end does not justify the means. The desire for a child — a completely legitimate desire of the married people — does not prove that artificial insemination is legitimate because it would satisfy such a desire . A defect of nature may be corrected. But, if the defect is beyond the possibility of correction as it is irreversible, nothing can be done but to just leave it to its own course. Spouses who find themselves in this situation must not forget that even when procreation is not possible, conjugal life does not for this reason lose its value. It can be the occasion for other important services to the life of people, for example adoption, various forms of educational work, and assistance to other families and to poor handicapped children. During the process of in vitro fertilization, because of a great number of failures, women seeking pregnancy by this means receive multiple embryos to ensure its occurrence. Some of these embryos maybe found weaker or with defects are discarded or simply aborted in a process called pregnancy reduction. Such process is plain and simple abortion and therefore has no regard whatsoever on the importance of life. Hence this is definitely morally unacceptable. To summarize, Artificial Insemination is immoral on the following grounds: 1. Arbitrary exclusion of the Marital Act from Procreation – the naturally devised means of transmitting life is no other than the marital act. Now, by AI, the said act is deliberately excluded from procreation and replaced with a medical means ,that is, the insertion of a thin and soft catheter containing sperm into the wife’s reproductive tract – a procedure enormously contrary to nature. . Usurpation of God’s Creative power of Authorship over Life – by its very procedure AI usurps God’s authorship over life through the employment of artificially concocted means other than His designed way of transmitting life. It is also an expression of man’s abusive and manipulative act of going beyond the border of his power of stewardship by , more or less, assuming that which exclusively belongs to God – the power of authorship over life. 3. Against Human Dignity – the claim of a right to the baby’s life implies that the child is an object to own and to possess which reduces him/her to a mere biological property over which one has right thereby violating his/her human dignity, value, and worth. E. Summary and Conclusion: I have nothing against the advances in reproductive technology. Technologies can actually assist nature, or even supply for the deficiencies of nature, and when used for these purposes, they can be commendable rather than objectionable. It is not because technologies are artificial that they are condemned. It is only when they go contrary to moral requirements. In examining technologies for their morality, our interest is not whether they are natural or artificial, but whether they are in violation of God’s design for procreation. The Church recognizes the legitimacy of the desire for a child and understands the suffering of couples struggling with problems of fertility. Such a desire, however, should not override the dignity of every human life to the point of absolute supremacy. The desire for a child cannot justify the â€Å"production† of offspring, just as the desire not to have a child cannot justify the abandonment or destruction of a child once he or she has been conceived. A child is not something owed to one, but is a gift† (No. 2378). It is not a mere piece of property, and, likewise, there is no â€Å"right to a child. † Points that provide a useful orientation in the midst of constant scientific developments. In these cases, there need be no intention of intrauterine monitoring (although there could b e) with a view of abortion should the child conceived suffer from any abnormality. Nor need there be, in these cases, the use of immoral means (masturbation) to obtain the husband's sperm, since it can be retrieved in morally acceptable ways. In these cases there is, apparently, only the intent to help a couple, despite their physical incapacity (either by reason of the husband's low sperm production or the wife's blocked Fallopian tubes) to have a child with whom they ardently desire to share life and to whom they are willing to give a home. Do not such couples have a â€Å"right† to have a child of their own? Why, many people reasonably ask, is it morally bad–indeed a sin, an offense against God Himself–to make use of artificial insemination by the husband and homologous in vitro fertilization in such cases? Is not the Church's position here too rigid, too insensitive to the agonizing plight of involuntarily childless couples who are seeking, by making good use of modern technologies, to realize one of the goods of marriage? Do not married couples in this situation have a right to make use of these methods so that they can have a child of their own? It is definitely true that married men and women have rights (and responsibilities) that nonmarried men and women do not have. They have the right, first of all, to engage in the marital act, that is not simple a genital act between two persons who happen to be married but is an act of interpersonal communion in which they give themselves to one another as husband and wife. In direct contrast to genital sex between an unmarried man and woman which merely joins two individuals who are in principle replaceable, substitutable, disposable, the marital act unites two persons who have made one another absolutely irreplaceable and nonsubstitutable by giving themselves to one another in marriage. In addition, husbands and wives, by giving themselves to one another in marriage, have capacitated themselves, as St. Augustine put it, â€Å"to receive life lovingly, to nourish it humanely, and to educate it religiously,† i. e. , in the love and service of God (cf. De genesi ad literam, 9. 7 PL 34:397). Unmarried men and women to the contrary have not so capacitated themselves. God, in short, wills that human life be given in the marital embrace of husbands and wives not through the random copulation of fornicators and adulterers. pic][pic] [pic] Husbands and wives, thus, have a â€Å"right† to the marital act and to care for life conceived through this act, but they do not have a â€Å"right† to a child. A child is not a thing to which husbands and wives have a right. It is not a product that, by its nature, is necessarily inferior to its producers, rather a child, like its parents. And this is the moral problem with the laboratory generation of human life, in cluding artificial insemination by the husband and the â€Å"simple case† of in vitro fertilization. When a child comes to be in and through the marital act, it is not a product of their act but is â€Å"a gift supervening on and giving permanent embodiment to† the marital act itself (cf. Catholic Bishops [of England and Wales] Committee on Bioethical Issues, In Vitro Fertilization: Morality and Public Policy [London: Catholic Information Services, 1983], n. 23). When human life comes to be through the marital act, we say quite properly that the spouses are â€Å"begetting or procreating,† they are not â€Å"making† anything. The life they receive is â€Å"begotten, not made. â€Å"

Monday, September 16, 2019

Virtual keyboard

There is a wide range of innovative input device selections available in the market today. Most of these input devices are designed for ease of use. Previous devices are usually developed and improved to devise new inventions fitting for the pressing needs of the computer client. In some cases, these brand new gadgets are dispensable, simply for plain entertainment. Browsing through the internet has provided the writer with information about the latest input devices that have swamped the market for gadget finds. I have chosen three different keyboard innovations, putting them side by side, to identify their functionality and efficiency. Through a simple analysis of product descriptions, the value and marketability of each is also identified. The virtual keyboard is a laser technology that takes input through keyboard to a new level. The virtual keyboard is an I-Tech innovation that is merely a projection of the standard keyboard interface. Practically speaking, the virtual keyboard can be cast on any type of surface. This is a perfect companion for laptop, PDA, Pocket PC, and Smart Phones users, accustomed to traveling around. The virtual keyboard works in a complex manner as it processes movements of the hand and the fingers to identify and carry out various keystrokes. Each keystroke is coupled with a tapping sound for a realistic feel.   It does not use up much power because when it is not in use, it vanishes automatically from sight. The virtual keyboard can be connected to any device through USB or Bluetooth connection. The FrogPad mini keyboard is another interesting keyboard device because of its size. Its dimensions are smaller than the regular keyboard dimensions and it has only around 20 functional keys. Like the virtual keyboard, it is also designed for traveling and outdoor use. An interesting fact about the FrogPad mini keyboard is that it is one-handed. Inputting only requires the use of one hand allowing you to do other things while typing. It can be connected to any type of device such as PDA, Laptop, Pocket PC’s, Smart Phones, and other varieties of mobile devices through USB. The FrogPad mini keyboard is widely used in computers installed in vehicles because of its functionality and simply because it saves much space. Its newest development is the FrogPad Bluetooth wireless keyboard. The Step On It keyboard control pedals by Bilbo Innovation, Inc. is a plug and play   keyboard peripheral that makes use of a three electronic pedals in replacement of some keyboard keys, such as the Ctrl, Alt and Shift keys. However, designating other keys to each pedal is allowed, as desired by the user. The objective of the keyboard control pedal is to reduce wrist strains that may have caused by prolonged typing activity. Among the three keyboard innovations listed above, I think the device having the most market potential is the FrogPad mini keyboard. A lot people nowadays are looking for ways to maximize their time and be able to do multiple tasks at the same. The FrogPad mini keyboard enables you to this. As it saves much space, it is also easy to bring anywhere you want to go, through the use of handheld devices and other computers. It also offers a one-handed feature where it permits multi-tasking. It also comes with features like switching left hand and the right hand, and its interface allows users for easy input. The I-tech virtual keyboard comes next with regards to market potential. Aside from its attractive and hi-tech design, it is also practical and functional for people on the go. It is best to use it with handheld devices to save space. The most interesting thing about it is that it each keystroke is accompanied by a real tapping noise similar to the tapping sound in regular keyboard devices. It was creatively designed and well thought of, producing an innovation that captures the attention of the computer client. The Step On It keyboard control pedals are impractical. It results to confusion as it changes the way the keyboard is used. It complicates things because you have to mix the use of your fingers and your feet. I would have to say it has not proved its potential for consumer consumption. References Bilbo, (2007) Step On It! Keyboard Pedals. Retrieved December 4, 2007 from Bilbo Innovations Inc. Website: http://www.bilbo.com/ Fogg, M. (2006) Virtual Laser Keyboard Now Available. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from Overclocl3d Ltd. Website: http://www.overclock3d.net/news.php?type=3&id=491&desc=virtual_laser_keyboard_now_available HackerStickers, (2006). FrogPad Mini Keyboard USB. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from HackerStickers.com. Website: http://www.hackerstickers.com/products/frogpad-mini-keyboard-usb.shtml   

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Development in infancy and toddlerhood

The development of infants and toddlers is the focus of Chapters 5 to 7. In these chapters, the various developmental changes that occur during the first two years of life are highlighted.Chapter 5 discusses the various physical changes that occur during the first two years of life. It stresses that it is during these years that a human being goes through the most rapid developmental changes. Infants and toddlers grow by leaps and bounds as compared to development at the latter stages of the life cycle. Furthermore, the chapter notes that physical development of infants and toddlers vary and are influenced by various factors. Heredity, ethnic background, gender, and social environment are some of the factors that greatly influence infant and toddler development. The chapter stresses that physical development during infanthood and toddlerhood are the most critical because delays or problems that occur during these stages may cause the human being to encounter physical disabilities lat er on in life.In chapter 6, the focus shifts to cognitive development. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory is highlighted in this chapter. The focus was on the first stage of Piaget’s theory called the sensorimotor stage since this stage refers to the first two years of life. During this stage, infants and toddlers rely on their senses to develop an understanding of the world around them. What infants and toddlers see, smell, hear, touch, and taste are what they think. In line with cognitive development, the chapter likewise discusses how infants and toddler process information. Furthermore, Chapter 6 looks at the development of language during the first two years.   The three theories of language development are discussed with focus on how infants and toddlers develop their first words and the patterns they use to produce sounds. The various factors that influence cognitive development in infants and toddlers are likewise discussed in this chapter.In Chapter 7, the emotional and social development of infants and toddlers is discussed. Erikson’s theory of infant and toddler personality is used as the basis of the chapter’s discussion. The chapter looks at how infants and toddlers develop their basic emotions and how they respond to the emotions that other people show. The development of temperament and attachment during the first two years are likewise discussed for infants and toddlers are known to be attached to figures that they commonly see. Parents, most especially the mothers, are the figures that infants and toddlers normally form attachments to.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Correspondence

It was a pleasure to meet you at the convention for trial attorneys In New York last week. In addition to the interesting program highlights of the regular sessions, the informal discussions with people like you are an added plus at these meetings. Your contribution to the program was very beneficial and highly Informative.You may recall that I had Just been appointed by the court to defend a woman here n Providence who has been charged with embezzling large sums of money from her previous employer. The defendant had been employed at a large department store for more than 25 years. Because of her valuable years of experience In accounting with the store, she was In charge of accounts receivable at the store. Her previous employer, the plaintiff In the case, claims that she embezzled $18,634 three years ago, $39,072 two years ago, and $27,045 last year.You mentioned that you had represented defendants In similar cases In previous years. Your assistance would be Invaluable as I prepare for this defense. If you are willing to lend your professional expertise In this case, here Is what Is needed: 1 . Within the next week, send the appropriate citations for all similar trials In which you participated. 2. Provide any other case citations that you think might be helpful In this case. 3. Meet with me In approximately two weeks for a case consultation.At hat time we can discuss compensation for your work on this matter. A copy of the formal complaint Is enclosed for your review. I will call you In about a week to arrange a time and place for our meeting. Please let me know If there Is additional Information that would be helpful In preparing for this case. Of experience will be invaluable.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Aged Care Centre Cost Analysis and Cost Management

In the contemporary world, cost consciousness is increasing among project team managers. Accordingly, when desire to offer more as well as better services has to confront the restrained ability to finance extra spending, project team managers have been naturally led to a cost-benefit analysis for the decision relating to resource allocation. Policy analysts along with researchers acknowledge generally the need to employ cost-benefit analysis and hence willing to employ this analytic tool Age Care Center (ACC) service programs (Elleh, 2013). Many remain hesitant, nevertheless, to apply cost-benefit analysis as a technique for guiding policy making in ACC and posit that other analytical tools have to be sought. It is the contention of the current author that cost-benefit analysis is able to fruitfully employ in ACC field and, with the technique’s acknowledged limitations, it remains both objective and powerful tool for evaluating ACC programs. This section undertakes the cost-analysis of ACC in Australia (Heldman, 2013).  Ã‚  . An array of aged care services are subsidized by the government of Australia. It is anticipated that one will contribute towards the cost of one’s care in case one can afford where one’s personal circumstance permits. One could be wonder how much it costs to enter into an ACC. A residential care fee estimator has, however, been availed to assist in the estimation of what ACC costs he will be required to pay. Strong protection are available to make sure that care is reasonably priced in ACC for everybody. The government of Australian undertakes to regulate the maximum cost on may have to pay. This is utilized as a contribution towards one’s daily living costs like meals, laundry, cleaning, cooling and heating. Every person entering the ACC can be asked to make a payment for this fee. The highest basic daily fee for fresh inhabitants as well as interval inhabitants is pegged at $48.44 a day. The rate rises on 20 th March as well as 20 th September per annum in accordance with alterations to Age Pension. For new residents, the upper limit of the basic daily fee is eighty-five percent of the lone individual rate of basic Age Pension. Beginning 20 th September 2016, a solitary rate basic Age Pension became 797.9 dollars a fortnight, besides eighty-five percent of sole rate of basic Age Pension became 678.210 dollars a fortnight. Such fees remain in effect even when one is a member of a couple. People will know the rate they need to pay as they obtain a letter arising from Department of Human Services which confirms his highest basic daily fee which is subjected to yearly indexing on March 20 th and September 20 th in accordance with the Age Pension increases. It describes the extra payment towards ACC fees which certain individuals might be needed to remit. The DHS have a duty to work out whether one is obligated to pay such an extra cost anchored on income and assets assessments and advice the applicant of an amount. A half of a couple’s merged income and assets are regarded in the determination of the means-tested care fee, irrespective of which spouse nets income or possess assets. Means-tested care fees have annual and lifetime caps. Upon hitting the cap, one ceases to pay further means-tested care fees. Any income-tested care fees paid already in a Home Care Package before touching into ACC shall as well account for one’s yearly and lifespan limits. Aged care means test are assessed via such information deemed incomed and exemptions. Such information is available on the website of Department of Human Services. The residential aged care may as well affect Centrelink payments. The current means-tested fee is pegged at $25,939.92 per annum, or $62,255.85 over a lifetime. One has to be given an account of how his income will be affected by this fee before making a major financial decision like selling a family home. The services of a financial adviser is necessary to assist in working out the best strategy for one’s own condition. ACC program requires one to pay accommodation fees in the facility. Certain individuals may have their respective costs of accommodation paid fully or partially by government of Australia whereas others residents will have to make payments for accommodation cost agreed with the ACC. The Department of Human Services has a duty to advise which arrangement applies to a person on the basis of an assessment of his asset and income. For a partner of a couple, a 1/2 of the merged assets and income are accounted for in the determination of a partner’s eligibility for assistance by the government with accommodation costs when one enters ACC, irrespective of the partner earning the income or owning the asset. The average cost of accommodation is around $350,000 to $400,000, but it could go higher where one is living in an expensive city such as Melbourne or Sydney or for a room with private bathroom. A financial Adviser will help choose between a lump sum payments (Refundable Accommodation Deposit-RAD) or Daily Accommodation Payments (DAP) or a merger of both. DAP remain essentially interest payments on an outstanding accommodation payment amount, whereas RAD is an interest-free loan to the facility that one will get back when he leaves or will be part of his estate when one passes on. Extra fees can apply where a person goes for an advanced accommodation standard or extra services. Additional service cost are applicable to such inhabitants who are in additional service facilities.   Such places are under regulation and purposed to capture a sophisticated standard of services or accommodation. ACC that have devoted additional service facilities remain presently needed to publish their respective additional service costs on their website called â€Å"My Aged Care†, along with additional relevant materials provided by them to potential inhabitants. Additional extra care as well as services along with related costs remain under regulations. Such additional costs are under the agreements between the resident and ACC care giver. Such fees range across ACC. A person’s ACC care provide is able to give one the details of such services, like Foxtel, and hairdressing alongside other applicable fees (Kerzner, 2013).  Ã‚   It is increasingly tricky to navigate the minefield of taking members of family into ACC care. There is a need to decode the loopholes that can potentially save one heartache and money. Making arrangements for the aged care for ageing parent that is not surviving at home could become emotionally demanding experience coupled with the added stress to navigate the unfamiliar as well as complex territory of welfare system of Australia to ensure one is undertaking correct action financially. An adult child will automatically get herself trapped in a converse responsibility of care as well as decision maker at such a time, facing choices like whether to engage in the sale of a family house or not to pay for ACC care cost of residential care, a matter which seemingly is never a straightforward decision (George, Harris & Mitchell, 2012). The figure might be so challenging-aged-care accommodation bonds averaged 213,000.0 dollars countrywide in the year 2009, however, they are usually between 350,000.0 dollars and 450,000.0 dollars for homes located in large cities. At the leading edge, the prod one million dollar for a hotel-kind room in prestigious Sydney site. Further, however, nothing remains the way it appears and there exist the rationale certain individuals might choose to make payment for the high bond. Surely, such undertakings become substantial financial decisions and remains second biggest financial decision made when considering ACC care. Several people have ended up making such decisions in a hurry without considering the any financial implications and opportunities attached. To this end, an adult child needs to own the possibly stroppy but together essential discussion with their respective elderly parents alongside household consultants (Ji & Yao, 2014). People who seek for ACC care encounter three categories of care including high care, low care, along with extra services.   Low-care accommodation are accompanied with ‘personal care’ facilities like assist with eating alongside bathing. Higher-care integrates services of nursing into this mix along with extreme needs. It should, however, never be substituted for extra services that describes a higher standard of accommodation, food, along with additional hotel-style services (Marià ±o et al., 2016). Many people, unfortunately think it is merely a substance of placing their designation down at the ACC home, however, it really goes beyond that. Key to unlocking the ACC care system is ACAT form from Aged Care Assessment Team which determines the type of care and facility. This form is essential in helping one to attract the government subsidy. Managing cost in an ACC facility calls for earlier planning so as not to leave the decisions for the children. One must focus first on how to benefit from the government subsidies (Ebbesen & Hope, 2013).   Before choosing the best quality of care, one needs to work out his finances. A person has to factor in his upfront and ongoing costs along with having something put away for additional expenses which emerges, one will be able to figure out exactly what he can afford- and begin looking for ACC which meets his needs within his budget (Catanio, Armstrong & Tucker, 2013). Getting financial advice is essential in managing aged care cost. The guidance of a Financial Adviser who is specialized in aged care make one to have support needed to manage government an aged care home-derived paperwork. The Financial Adviser will further work out the right payment alternatives for the client’s situation, while concurrently making sure there is a steady cash flow to account for the client’s immediate needs. What is more, Financial Adviser can guide his client through the biggest financial decisions he needs to make. This will be right from selling the family home to planning his estate. The Financial Adviser will assist one understand the longer run impacts of such cost and decisions, including the impacts on his pension as well as aged care means-tested fees. Catanio, J. T., Armstrong, G., & Tucker, J. (2013). The effects of project management certification on the triple constraint.  International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),  4(4), 93-111. Ebbesen, J. B., & Hope, A. (2013). Re-imagining the iron triangle: embedding sustainability into project constraints.  PM World Journal,  2(III). Elleh, F. U. (2013). Software-Enabled Project Management Techniques and Their Relationship to the Triple Constraints.  ProQuest LLC. George, B., Harris, A., & Mitchell, A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis and the consistency of decision making. Pharmacoeconomics, 19(11), 1103-1109. Heldman, K. (2013).  PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley & Sons. Ji, X., & Yao, K. (2014). Uncertain project scheduling problem with resource constraints.  Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1-6. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).  Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons. Marià ±o, R., Tonmukayakul, U., Manton, D., Stranieri, A., & Clarke, K. (2016). Cost-analysis of teledentistry in residential aged care facilities. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(6), 326-332. Serrador, P., & Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?—A quantitative analysis of agile project success.  International Journal of Project Management,  33(5), 1040-1051. Silvius, A. J., & Schipper, R. P. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis.  Social Business,  4(1), 63-96. Stellingwerf, R., & Zandhuis, A. (2013).  ISO 21500 Guidance on project management-A Pocket Guide. Van Haren. Whittington, J. W., Nolan, K., Lewis, N., & Torres, T. (2015). Pursuing the triple aim: the first 7 years.  Milbank Quarterly,  93(2), 263-300.

Chauvet Cave Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chauvet Cave - Assignment Example The art is simply something worth looking at. In Nine Lives, by Dalrymple, the people and places could be compared to the Chauvet Cave. This is in the sense that they all possess certain characteristics. The following paper will look into the comparisons between the cave and the places and people recounted in Nine Lives. In comparison, the cave and the places in India could share very many similarities. For example, the places in India have the same symbolism as the cave in Southern France. The people there look up to their land to find peace and a sense of belonging. They all can relate to the places they are in for it is their source of life. They are used to those places and cannot trade it for any other. In the cave during the early periods when the paintings were being done, the people went there to reveal themselves to the world (Clottes, p. 25). They could identify what it was that really mattered to them and paint on the walls of the cave. The history of people is embedded in the places they have stayed. Their roots are firmly tied to their place of origin. The art in the cave could bear huge similarities to the places in Nine Lives since the history of a civilisation are painted on the cave walls. The history of any people in a given place at a given period of time is very important. The story of their existence is also firmly told to the generations that follow (Curtis, p. 12). This way, the generations that come into being know of their origins, and they end up telling it to the next generations. In Nine Lives, India bears this symbolism. Another similarity is the way culture and tradition is being maintained. It is through all this that the culture of a people can go on without being eroded or corrupted. The preservation of the Chauvet Cave is done so as to keep the ways of certain people intact (Clottes, p. 27). These ways are often seen as pure and the interference of other ways and/or mannerisms could be very unhealthy. In Nine Lives, this is als o seen with people keeping the traditions of their people alive through poetry, song and dance (performing arts). Moreover, the people of these areas are recognised through these works of art performed. It is through it that their spirit as a people comes alive. Through the cave art and/or paintings, the way of worship was recognised. The kind of gods they worshiped and the entire process. It is the same as in Nine Lives. The people’s form of worship was described to the people, how the sacrifices were made and the stages involved in it. This showed that in both these settings, communication to the people was made clear to them in cultural ways. This was to ensure that they were not forgotten through time (Guy, p. 25). However, the differences in the two are very distinct. The way and manner in which the cave paintings have been skilfully done is something to be admired. There is nothing naive about the art in the walls. This is unlike the ways and manner in which the people described by Dalrymple carry out their daily rituals. This cave represents the time taken by a certain group of people to relay a message to the people who will read it. The people of India as described in Nine Lives do not give a reason as to why and how the rituals come about and how the message meant for them is passed through (Curtis, p. 20). Also, the cave had the art preserved in a way that no one could tamper with the message it relayed. Unlike the

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Incidents in the life of a slave girl (1861) by Harriet jacobs Essay

Incidents in the life of a slave girl (1861) by Harriet jacobs - Essay Example The major source of encouragement to such individuals was the dream of establishing families of their own in freedom. A major hindrance was imposed upon the slaves if they already had children or families while under the rule of their slave masters or holders. In Linda’s case, her grandmother was a source of empowerment in her life, acting as both her father and mother. Her free grandmother, who was always there for her and her brother Benjamin reinforced Linda’s economic needs and emotional support (Jacobs 4). In the story, Linda talks of her grandmother endless stream of support and refuge that indebts her to her grandmother. Linda’s grandmother is also her personal confidant to whom she tells all her secrets and dreams. As such, Linda respects her grandmother so much that she does not tell her of the struggle against advances from Dr. Flint, and this marks the first conflict between the two. Since her childhood, Linda’s grandmother was always encouragin g her to assert her sexuality in order to avoid further slavery. This is an effort to pull her out of enslavement. Nevertheless, Linda faces many challenges while maintaining her sexuality, including the advances from Dr. Flint (Jacobs 21). Ultimately, she goes against her grandmother’s wishes and gives herself to Mr. Sands. This move, which she considers as triumph over her master, will have a negative impact on her relationship with her grandmother. Her grandmother is not happy after Linda confesses to her not only because of the importance of gaining freedom by maintaining her purity, but also because of societal values. Both the whites and the slaves held the institution of marriage in high regard. Another reason was the fact that children of slaves were to follow their mother step of servitude. Despite her grandmother’s empowerment, she also acts as a hindrance in her quest to obtain freedom. The relationship between Linda and her grandmother suffer a major blow a s her grandmother does not approve of her path to freedom. Linda’s intimate relationship with Mr. Sands is completely unacceptable before her grandmother’s opinion. Linda eventually has two children with Mr. Sands, who tend to delay her escape mission to freedom. Linda eventually considers another strategy: hiding until Dr. Flint becomes discouraged and sells her and her children to another slave master. In her plan to escape with Mr. Sands, her grandmother discourages her by a mother’s guilt, telling her not to trust the man but rather stick to her kids. She goes ahead to tell her that a woman who leaves her children loses her respect. This persuasion by her grandmother is a dilemma in her escape plan, which might secure the safety of her children and herself. Linda’s grandmother continues to instill the fears of her being a bad mother by relating to her children, Ben and Ellen, like a mother. Her loyalty to her grandmother and the natural fear of forsak ing her kids continues to hinder her escape plans, but not until the safety of Ben and Ellen threatened. Linda views their proposed move to plantations as slaves revive her escape plans. She acknowledges that the slaves in plantation are subject to harsh conditions than those in serving in the urban. The thought of her children suffering cruel treatment and conditions in the plantations forces her to flee disregarding her grandmother feelings and opinions. Linda places her children’s safety before the wishes of her grandmother, opting to remaining hidden in her grandmother’